THEODORUS THE GREEK, THE POPE’S MITROPOLICH’ OF ROME. REVISITING THE RELATIONS BETWEEN RUS AND THE PAPACY IN THE LATE 11TH CENTURY

About the author:

Denis G. Khrustalev, Historian, Saint Petersburg; d.g.khrustalev@gmail.com

Abstract:

The paper gives grounds for the viewpoint that historians can treat as probably valid the record in the Nikon Chronicle dated 6599 Creation Era (1091 CE) reporting the arrival of Theodorus the Greek’s papal mission from Rome in Kyiv with numerous saints’ relics. Arguments are put forward in favour of Theodorus’ identification with Pope Urban’s legate Teuzo, cardinal of San Giorgio in Velabro, who could have been set off to Rome, accompanied by Prince Yaroslav Sviatopolchich, whom the former could have met at the consecration of St. Egid Basilica in Somogyvár. This mission could be juxtaposed with the translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas from Myra to Bari and its commemoration being established as a Church holiday (May 9 Julian Calendar).

References:

1. Berezhkov N. G. 1963. Chronology of Russian Chronicles. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Akademii nauk SSSR. 377 pp. [In Russian]
2. Brown P. 2004. The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. Moscow: Rosspen. 207 pp. [In Russian]
3. Vasilyevskiy V. G. 1908. Works. Vol. 1: Byzantium and Pechenegs; Varyag-Russians and Varyag-English troops in Constantinople in 11th and 12th c.; About Varyag-Russians. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya Imperatorskoy Akademii nauk. 401 pp. [In Russian]
4. Gerbershteyn S. 2008. Notes on Muscovy. Edited by A. L. Khoroshkevich. Vols. 1-2. Moscow: Pamyatniki istoricheskoy mysli. [In Russian]
5. Golubinskiy E. E. 1901. History of the Russian Church. Vol. 1. Part 1. Moscow: Universitetskaya tipografiya. 968 pp. [In Russian]
6. Donskoy D. V. 2008. The Rurikovichs. Historical Dictionary. Moscow: Russkaya panorama. 864 pp. [In Russian]
7. Zimin A. A. 1972. Russia on the Threshold of the New Time (Essays on the Political History of Russia in the First Third of the 16th c.). Moscow: Mysl. 452 pp. [In Russian]
8. Yazyki russkoy kultury. 1998. “Ipatyevskaya chronicle”. In: Complete Russian Chronicles. Vol. 2. Moscow: Yazyki russkoy kultury. 938 pp. [In Russian]
9. Skazkin S. D. (ed). 1967. History of Byzantium in 3 vols. Vol. 2. Moscow: Nauka. 472 pp. [In Russian]
10. Karamzin N. M. 1991. The History of the Russian State. Vols. 2-3. Moscow: Nauka. [In Russian]
11. Kloss B. M. 1980. Nikonovsky Codex and Russian Chronicles of the 16th-17th c. Moscow: Nauka. 312 pp. [In Russian]
12. Klyuchevskiy V. O. 1871. Ancient Russian Hagiographies of Saints as a Historical Source. Moscow: Tipografiya Gracheva i kompanii. 479 pp. [In Russian]
13. Yazyki russkoy kultury. 2007. “Book of Stepennaia of tsarist genealogy”. In: Complete Russian Chronicles. Vol. 21. Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoy kultury. 598 pp. [In Russian]
14. Komnina A. 2010. Alexiad. Translated, commentaries and articles by Ya. N. Lyubarskiy. Saint Petersburg: Aleteyya. 688 pp. [In Russian]
15. Krutova M. S. 1997. Svyatitel' St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the Old Russian Literature. Moscow: Martis. 222 pp. [In Russian]
16. Yazyki russkoy kultury. 1997. “Laurentian Chronicle”. In: Complete Russian Chronicles. Vol. 1. Moscow: Yazyki russkoy kultury. 733 pp. [In Russian]
17. Yazyki russkoy kultury. 2000. “The Chronicle, called Patriarch or Nikonov Chronicle”. In: Complete Russian Chronicles. Vols. 9-14. Moscow: Yazyki russkoy kultury. [In Russian]
18. Makariy (Bulgakov). 1857. Macarius, Bishop of Vinnitsa. History of the Russian Church. Vol. 2. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya Imperatorskoy Akademii nauk. 368 pp. [In Russian]
19. Yazyki slavyanskoy kultury. 2004. “The Moscow Annalistic Code of the end of the 15th c.”. In: Complete Russian Chronicles. Vol. 25. Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoy kultury. 488 pp. [In Russian]
20. Moshin V. A. 1963. “The Epistle of Russian Metropolitan Leon on Unleavened Bread in the Ohrid Manuscript”. In: Byzantinoslavica. Vol. 24, pp. 87-105. Prague. [In Russian]
21. Nazarenko A. V. 2001. Ancient Rus on International Ways: Interdisciplinary Studies of Cultural, Commercial, and Political Relations of the 9th-12th c. Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury. 784 pp. [In Russian]
22. Yazyki russkoy kultury. 2000. “The First Novgorodian Chronicle of older and younger genres”. In: Complete Russian Chronicles. Vol. 3. Moscow: Yazyki russkoy kultury. 720 pp. [In Russian]
23. Okhridski K. 1977. Collected Works. Vol. 2. Edited by B. St. Angelov, K. M. Kuev, Khr. Kodov, Kl. Ivanova. Sofia: Izdatelstvo na Blgarskata akademiya na naukite. 846 pp. [In Russian]
24. Pashuto V. T. 1968. The Foreign Policy of Ancient Rus. Moscow: Nauka. 472 pp. [In Russian]
25. Pikhoya R. G. 1975. “Byzantine monk — Russian Metropolitan John II as a canonist and diplomat Vizantiyskiy monakh”. In: Antiquity and Middle Ages. Vol. 11, pp. 133-144. Sverdlovsk. [In Russian]
26. Podskalski G. 1996. Christianity and Theological Literature in Kyiv Rus (988-1237). Saint Petersburg: Vizantinorossika. 572 pp. [In Russian]
27. Ponyrko N. V. 1992. Epistolary heritage of Ancient Rus. 11th-13th c. Studies, Texts, Translations. Saint Petersburg: Nauka. 214 pp. [In Russian]
28. Possevino A. 1983. Historical Essays on Russia in the 16th c. Translated, foreword, and notes by L. N. Godovikova. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Moskovskogo universiteta. 272 pp. [In Russian]
29. Priselkov M. D. 2003. Essays on church and political history of Kyiv Rus, 10th-12th c. Saint Petersburg: Nauka. 245 pp. [In Russian]
30. Ramm B. Ya. 1959. The Papacy and Rus in 10th-15th c. Moscow-Leningrad: Akademiya nauk SSSR. 284 pp. [In Russian]
31. Yazyki russkoy kultury. 2000. Rogozhsky chronicler. Tverskoi sbornik [Chronicle collection called as Tverskoi chronicle]. In: Complete Russian Chronicles. Vol. 15. Moscow: Yazyki russkoy kultury. 432 pp. [In Russian]
32. Ruess H. 2010. “Eupraxia — Adelheid: a biographical approach”. Rossica Antiqua, vol. 2, pp. 54-112. [In Russian]
33. Nauka. 1975-2008. Dictionary of the Russian language of the 11th-17th c. Vols. 1-28. Moscow: Nauka. [In Russian]
34. Sokolov P. P. 1913. The Russian Hierarch from Byzantium and the Right of His Appointment before the early 15th c.. Kyiv: tipografiya I. I. Chokolova. 578 pp. [In Russian]
35. Tatishchev V. N. 1995. Collected Works in 8 vols. Vols. 2, 3. History of Russian: part 2. Moscow: Ladomir. 688 pp. [In Russian]
36. Titmar Merzeburgskiy. 2005. Chronicles in 8 vols. Translated from Latin by I. V. Dyakonov. Moscow: Russkaya panorama. 254 pp. [In Russian]
37. Tikhomirov M. N. 1979. Russian Chronicles. Moscow: Nauka. 556 pp. [In Russian]
38. Khoroshkevich A. L. 1980. Russian State in the System of International Relations of the late 15th — early 16th c. Moscow: Nauka. 294 pp. [In Russian]
39. Khrustalyov D. G. 2002. Investigations on Ephraim Pereyaslavsky. Saint Petersburg: Evraziya. 448 pp. [In Russian]
40. Choffari D. 2012. “Archdeacon John, ‘Historia translationis Sancti Nicolai’ in medieval Europe”. Evraziya. Dukhovnye traditsii narodov, no. 4, pp. 204-216. [In Russian]
41. Choffari D. 2004. “The transfer of Saint Nicholas’ relics in the Latin Sources of the 11th c. and in Russian manuscripts”. In: “The Rule of Faith and the Image of Gentleness...”. The Image of St. Nicholas, Archbishop of Myra, in Byzantine and Slavonic Hagiography, Hymnography and Iconography, pp. 135-166. Moscow: Izdatelstvo pravoslavnogo Svyato-Tikhonovskogo Bogoslovskogo instituta. [In Russian]
42. Shaytan M. E. 1927. “Germany and Kyiv in 11th c.”. In: Chronicle of Studies of the Permanent Historical and Archaeographical Commission for 1926. Vol. 1 (34), pp. 3-26. Leningrad. [In Russian]
43. Shlyapkin I. A. 1881. Russian Edicts of 11th c. about the Transfer of Nikolas the Wonderworker’s Relics and His Relation to the Western Sources. Monuments of Ancient Writings and Arts. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya i khromolitografiya A. Transhelya. 23 pp. [In Russian]
44. Shcherbatov M. M. 1771. Russian History from the Most Ancient Times. Vol. 2. Saint Petersburg: Imperatorskaya Akademiya nauk. 671 pp. [In Russian]
45. Yurasov M. K. 2006. “Russian-Hungarian relations at the beginning of 12th c.”. Drevnyaya Rus, vol. 3 (25), pp. 47-56; vol. 4 (26), pp. 67-78. [In Russian]
46. Abraham W. 1904. Powstanie organizacyi kościoła łacińskiego na Rusi. Vol. 1. Lwów: Tow. dla Popierania Nauki Polskiej.
47. Angold M. 1997. The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204. A Political History. London — New York: Longman. 375 pp.
48. Becker A. 1964. Papst Urban II. (1088-1099). Vol. 1: Herkunft und kirchliche Laufbahn. Der Papst und die lateinische Christenheit. Stuttgart. (Schriften der MGH. Bd. 19, I).
49. Becker A. 1988. Papst Urban II. (1088-1099). Vol. 2: Der Papst, die griechische Christenheit und der Kreuzzug. Stuttgart. (Schriften der MGH. Bd. 19, II).
50. Blumenthal U.-R. 1995. The Investiture Controversy. Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 216 pp.
51. Cioffari G. 1980. La leggenda di Kiev. Slovo o perenesenii moshchey Svyatitelya Nikolaya. La traslazione delle reliquie di S. Nicola nel racconto di un annalista russo contemporaneo. Bari.
52. Fejér G. (ed.). 1829. Codex Diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis. Vol. 1. Budae.
53. Codice diplomatico Barese. 1897. Vol. 1. Le pergamene del duomo di Bari (952-1264). Bari.
54. Caspar E. (ed.). 1920. Das Register Gregors VII. Vol. 1, Buch I-IV. Berlin. (MGH, Epistolae selectae, T. II, fasc. 1).
55. Caspar E. (ed.). 1923. Das Register Gregors VII. Vol. 2, Buch V-IX. Berlin. (MGH, Epistolae selectae, T. II, fasc. 2).
56. Goez E., Goez W. (eds.). 1998. Die Urkunden und Briefe der Markgräfin Mathilde von Tuszien. Hannover. (MGH Laienfürsten— und Dynasten— Urkunden der Kaiserzeit. II).
57. Györffy Gy. 1992. Diplomata Hungariae Antiquissima. Vol. 1: Ab anno 1000 usque ad annum 1131. Budapestini.
58. Fedele P. 1899. “Carte del monastero dei Ss. Cosma e Damiano in Mica aurea. Parte I. Secoli X e XI”. In : Archivio della R. Società Romana di Storia Patria. Vol. 12, pp. 25-107, 383-447.
59. Geary P. J. 1990. Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages. Princeton.
60. Ginatempo M. 1994. “Tracce d’antroponimia dai documenti dell’abbazia di San Salvatore a Isola (Siena) 953-1199”. Mélanges de l’Ecole française de Rome. Moyen-Age, Temps modernes. Vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 509-558.
61. Grimm J. 1831. Deutsche Grammatik. Vol. 3. Göttingen.
62. Grumel V. 1989. Les regestes des actes du Patriarcat de Constantinople. Vol. 1. Les actes des patriarches. Fasc. II-III. Les regestes de 715 a 1206. Deuxième édition revue et corrigée par J. Darrouzès. Paris.
63. Holtzmann W. 1928. „Die Unionsverhandlungen zwischen Kaiser Alexios I und Papst Urban II im Jahre 1089. Byzantinische Zeitschrift, vol. 28, pp. 38-67.
64. Hüls R. 1977. Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049-1130. Tübingen. (Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom; 48).
65. Jaffé Ph. 1885. Regesta Pontificum Romanorum. Vol. 1. Lipsiae.
66. Johrendt J. 2011. Die Diener des Apostelfürsten: das Kapitel von St. Peter im Vatikan (11.-13. Jahrhundert). Berlin — New York. (Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom, 122).
67. Kiss G. B. 2000. “‘Teuzo sancte Romane Ecclesie legatus ... Teuzo cardinalis‘. Adalékok az I. László-kori pápai-magyar kapcsolatok történetéhez“. In: “Magyaroknak eleiről”. Ünnepi tanulmányok a hatvan esztendős Makk Ferenc tiszteletére, pp. 265-276. Szeged.
68. Kiss G. B. “‘Teuzo sancte Romane Ecclesie legatus ... Teuzo cardinalis’. Contribution aux relations de la Papauté et du roi hongrois Ladislas Ier à la fin du XIe siècle”. In : Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Mediaevalis. V. Pécs, pp. 29-39.
69. Klewitz H.-W. 1936. „Die Entstehung des Kardinalkollegiums“. Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Kanonistische Abteilung. Vol. 25, pp. 115-221. Weimar.
70. Klewitz H.-W. 1957. Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg. Die Entstehung des Kardinalkollegiums. Studien über die Wiederherstellung der römischen Kirche in Süditalien durch das Reformpapsttum. Das Ende des Reformpapsttums. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
71. Koncevičius J. B. 1927. Russia’s attitude towards Union with Rome (9th-16th centuries). Washington.
72. Kovács S. 2014. “The Cuman Campaigns in 1091”. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review, no. 1 (3), pp. 174-189.
73. Leib B. 1924. Rome, Kiev et Byzance a la Fin du XIe siecle. Rapports religieux des latins et des greco-russes sous le pontificat d’Urbain II (1088-1099). Paris.
74. Levesque P. Ch. 1783. Histoire de Russie. Vol. 1. Yverdon.
75. Loud G. A. 2007. The Latin Church in Norman Italy. Cambridge.
76. Meisen K. 1931. Nikolauskult und Nikolausbrauch im Abendlande. Dusseldorf.
77. Nitti di Vito F. 1937. « La translazione delle reliquie di San Nicola”. IAPIGIA. Organo della R. deputazione di Storia Patria per le Puglie. Nuova serie. Anno VIII, fasc. III-IV, pp. 295-411.
78. Nowak P. 2012. “Das Papsttum und Ostmitteleuropa (Böhmen-Mähren, Polen, Ungarn) vom ausgehenden 10. bis zum Beginn des 13. Jahrhunderts. Mit einer Neuedition von JL 9067”. Rom und die Regionen. Studien zur Homogenisierung der lateinischen Kirche im Hochmittelalter, pp. 331-369. Berlin — Boston.
79. Migne J. P. (ed.). 1857-1866. Patrologiæ Græcæ / Patrologiæ cursus completes… Series Græca Posterior... 166 vols. Paris.
80. Migne J. P. (ed.). 1841-1864. Patrologiæ Latina / Patrologiæ cursus completes… Series latina… 221 vols. Paris.
81. Piazza A. 2000. “Teodorico, antipapa”. Enciclopedia dei Papi, vol. 2, pp. 236-237.
82. Raffensperger C. 2012. Reimagining Europe. Kievan Rus’ in the Medieval World, 988-1146. Cambridge (Mass.): Cambridge University Press. 340 pp.
83. Savio G. 1999. Monumenta onomastica Romana Medii Aevi (X-XII sec.). Vol. 4 (Pat-Z). Roma.
84. Szentpétery E. 1937. Scriptores Rerum Hungaricarum tempore ducum regumque stirpis Arpadianae gestarum. Edendo operi praefuit Emericus Szentpétery. Vol. 1. Budapestini.
85. Szentpétery I. 1923. Regesta regum stirpis Arpadianae critico-diplomatica. Vol. 1: Diplomata regum Hungariae ab anno MI. usque ad Annum MCCLXX complectens. Budapest.
86. The Catholic Encyclopedia. 1912. Vol. 13. New York.
87. Sackur E. (ed.). 1892. “Tractatus Garsiae Tholetani canonici de Albino et Rufino (Garsuinis)”. In : Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum saeculis XI et XII conscripti. Vol. 2, pp. 423-435. Hannoverae.
88. Verdière C. 1857. Origines Catholiques de l’Eglise Russe jusqu’au XIIe siecle. Paris.
89. “Vitae quatuor abbatum priorum Cavensium Alferii, Leonis, Petri et Constabilis”. 1941. In: Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Raccolta degli Storici Italiani dal cinquecento al millecinquecento ordinata da L. A. Muratori. Nuova edizione riverduta ampliata e corretta con la direzione di G. Carducci, V. Fiorini, P. Fedele. Vol. 6, parte V. Bologna.
90. Ziese J. 1982. Wibert von Ravenna, der Gegenpapst Clemens III (1084-1100). Stuttgart. (Päpste und Papsttum, 20).