Gabriel’s plot of 1800: the story of the failed uprising

Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates


Release:

2022, Vol. 8. № 3 (31)

Title: 
Gabriel’s plot of 1800: the story of the failed uprising


For citation: Shimakov A. A. 2022. “ Gabriel’s plot of 1800: the story of the failed uprising”. Tyumen State University Herald. Humanitites Research. Humanitates, vol. 8, no. 3 (31), pp. 125-142

About the author:

Andrey A. Shumakov, Cand. Sci. (Hist.), Associate Professor, Department of Humanities, Tula Branch of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; takamori@rambler.ru

Abstract:

This article analyzes one of the most significant, yet understudied events in African-American history. The Virginia Conspiracy or the Gabriel Conspiracy of 1800 is considered the most famous case of organizing a mass armed uprising of slaves in the United States. Inspired by the ideas and examples of the American, Great French and Haitian revolutions, black slaves tried not just to raise an uprising and achieve liberation, but actually challenged the slave-owning orders of the entire white South. The scale and geography of the conspiracy leave no doubt that it originally implied a mass armed demonstration, which was to begin simultaneously in several cities of Virginia and spread to neighboring states. The purpose of this study is to analyze and restore the chronicle of the main events related to the Virginia Conspiracy of 1800. The materials of the trial and some periodicals act as a source base, while the author also relies on the research of leading American experts on this topic. The main objectives of the study include: to consider the background of the conspiracy and some issues of Gabriel’s early biography and to study the process of preparing a speech and the immediate implementation of the plan. The article also analyzes the consequences of the events of 1800 for the legislation of Virginia and the entire white South. The main methods are historical-descriptive and comparative-historical, allowing to draw the necessary parallels with similar historical phenomena, such as the Virginia Uprising led by Nat Turner in 1831. The conclusion shows that the slave conspiracy of 1800 was planned in the most careful way, while the reason for its failure was a combination of purely subjective factors. Simultaneously, Gabriel’s failed rebellion demonstrated the vulnerability of the White South in the face of slave uprisings, as well as the high degree of self-organization of the Black community and the beginning of the formation of an African-American identity.

References:

  1. Efimov A. V. 1958. [Essays on the History of the United States. From the Discovery of America to the End of the Civil War]. Moscow: Uchpedgiz. 439 pp. [In Russian]
  2. just-az. 2014. “Kuznets Gavrila”. LiveJournal. 14 April. Accessed 9 May 2022. https://just-az.livejournal.com/20815.html?ysclid=l2ranhxmh7 [In Russian]
  3. Maksimova A. A. 2019. “The American South of the 19th century: slave revolts and abolitionist movement”. In: Proceedings of the Annual Research Session of the Department of New and Contemporary History of the Moscow Pedagogical State University “Aktualnye problemy novoy i noveyshey istorii zarubezhnykh stran”, pp. 128-134. Moscow. [In Russian]
  4. Nitoburg E. L. 1979. Negroes of the US. 17th — early 20th c.: Historical and Ethnographic Study. moscow: Nauka. 295 pp. [In Russian]
  5. Syuzhet Gabrielya Prossera. Accessed 9 May 2022. https://ru1.seagrantsatlantic.org/gabriel-prossers-plot-45400-8541 [In Russian]
  6. Shumakov A. A. 2021. “Questions of early biography of Nat Turner”. The Bryansk State University Herald, no. 4 (50), pp. 133-144. DOI: 10.22281/2413-9912-2021-05-04-133-144 [In Russian]
  7. Shumakov A. A. 2021. “Prince Hall: the origins of the Back-To-Africa Movement and black Freemasonry”. Historia Provinciae the Journal of Regional History, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 433-458. DOI: 10.23859/2587-8344-2021-5-2-3 [In Russian]
  8. Aptheker H. 1974. American Negro Slave Revolts. New York: International Publishers. 411 pp.
  9. Brodie F. M. 1974. Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History. New York: Norton. 594 pp.
  10. Egerton D. R. 1993. Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 262 pp.
  11. “Fugitive Slave Advertisement”. 1800. Norfolk Herald. 16 September.
  12. Schwarz P. J. (ed.). 2013. Gabriel’s Conspiracy: A Documentary History. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 260 pp.
  13. General Court. 2020. “Testimony in the Trial of Gabriel (October 6, 1800)”. Encyclopedia Virginia. 7 December. Accessed 9 May 2022. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/testimony-in-the-trial-of-gabriel-october-6-1800
  14. Gorn E. J. 1991. Constructing the American Past: A Source Book of a People’s History. New York: HarperCollins. 548 pp.
  15. Littleton L. M. 2020. “Great Influence on My Own Mind: African-American Literacy and Slave Rebellion in the Antebellum South”. Ph D. diss. Atlanta: Clark Atlanta University. 202 pp.
  16. Miller J. C. 1977. The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery. New York: Free Press. 352 pp.
  17. Mutersbaugh B. M. 1983. “The Background of Gabriel’s Insurrection”. The Journal of Negro History, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 209-211.
  18. Nash G. B. 1990. Race and Revolution. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 224 pp.
  19. Nash G. B., Jeffrey J. R. 1986. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: HarperCollins. 608 pp.
  20. Nicholls M. L. 2012. Whispers of Rebellion: Narrating Gabriel’s Conspiracy. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 248 pp.
  21. Schwarz P. J. 1982. “Gabriel’s Challenge: Slaves and Crime in Late Eighteenth-Century Virginia”. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, July, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 283-309.
  22. Sheppard M. 2021. “Letter from Mosby Sheppard to James Monroe (August 30, 1800)”. Encyclopedia Virginia, 28 January. Accessed 9 May 2022. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/letter-from-mosby-sheppard-to-james-monroe-august-30-1800
  23. Sidbury J. 1997. Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730-1810. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 292 pp.
  24. The Confessions of Nat Turner, the leader of the late insurrection in Southampton, Virginia, as fully and voluntarily made to Thomas R. Gray, in the prison where he was confined, and acknowledged by him to be such when read before the Court of Southampton; with the certificate, under seal, of the Court convened at Jerusalem, November 5, 1831, for his trial. Also, an authentic account of the whole insurrection, with lists of the whites who were murdered, and of the negroes brought before the Court of Southampton, and there sentenced, &c. 1831. Baltimore: Thomas F. Gray, Lucas & Deaver. 18 pp.
  25. “To Thomas Jefferson from James Thomson Callender, 13 September 1800”. The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC). Accessed 9 May 2022. https://www.founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-32-02-0090