Release:
2020, Vol. 6. № 2 (22)About the author:
Natalia V. Ryzhkova, Cand. Sci. (Hist.), Associate Professor, Department of Fine Arts and Artistic Culture, Udmurt State University (Izhevsk); nataly_izhevsk@mail.ruAbstract:
A special place in the system of children’s care in the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries belonged to the Olginsky orphanages, named in honor of Princess Olga — the daughter of the Emperor Nikolai II. They were the smallest type of children’s institutions in Russia, which appeared in a similar way to the charity institutions for adults: working buildings and shelters for the homeless. The idea of educating and raising children in an orphanage, supervising them, and most importantly introducing them to work and craft should have saved them in the future from poverty, unemployment, and marginalization.
This paper analyzes the Olginsky orphanages of the Vyatka Province, at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the features of their exterior, development, organization, structure, construction, and functioning. The author relies on the documents identified for the first time during the research work of the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region.
The results show that there were three Olginsky shelters in the Vyatka Province — they were founded in the Izhevsk factory, in the town Mozhga, and the town of Slobodsky. The author notes that those who initiated the opening of orphanages and financed their construction, were in most cases individuals: at the Izhevsk factory they were Izhevsk workers, in Mozhga it was the chief of the Yelabuga District, Ivan Mikhailovich Poyarkov, and in Slobodsky they were merchants. In general, such orphanages had a positive impact on orphans and street children, because there, they received the necessary education and craft training, which later allowed them to lead an independent life and earn a living.
In this article, the author confirms the authorship of the constructed orphanage buildings: in Mozhga, it was the famous architect of the Vyatka Province M. A. Buchholz, a contemporary of an equally famous architect I. A. Charushin; at the Izhevsk factory it was A. Grebenshchikov (later with the participation of I. A. Charushin); and the architect Andreev in Slobodsky.
The author has established that from an architectural point of view, the buildings of the orphanages were quite diverse, but modest in their design, they did not have signs of monumentality, did not solve significant urban planning problems and, in general, did not contradict the existing artistic and aesthetic ideals of the period.
References:
Historical Sketch of the Olginsky Orphanage of Diligence in the Village of Mozhga in the Elabuga District of the Vyatka Province. 1899-1909. Saint Petersburg. 1910. [In Russian]
Olginsky Orphanages for the Homeless. 1895-1910. Saint Petersburg. 1911. [In Russian]
Report on the Status and Activities of the Olginsky Orphanages of Diligence in Slobodsky for 1905. Vyatka: Gubernskaja tipografija. 1906. [In Russian]
Report on the Status and Activities of the Olginsky Orphanages of Diligence in Slobodsky for 1907. Vyatka: Gubernskaja tipografija. 1908. [In Russian]
Report on the Status and Activities of the Olginsky Orphanage of Diligence in Slobodsky for 1911. Vyatka: Gubernskaja tipografija. 1912. [In Russian]
Report on the Status and Activities of the Olginsky Orphanage of Diligence in Slobodsky for 1912. Vyatka: Gubernskaja tipografija. 1913. [In Russian]
Report on the Mozhginsky Olginsky Orphanage of Diligence for 1902. Vyatka: Gubernskaja tipografija. 1903. [In Russian]
Report on the Mozhginsky Olginsky Orphanage of Diligence for 1911. Vyatka: Gubernskaja tipografija. 1912. [In Russian]
Report on the Mozhginsky Olginsky Orphanage of Diligence for 1912. Vyatka: Gubernskaja tipografija. 1913. [In Russian]
The Charter of Olginsky Orphanage of Diligence in Izhevsk-Nagorny Parish, Sarapul District of the Vyatka Province. Izhevsk factory: tip. V. S. Kolchina. 1901. [In Russian]
The Charter of the Board of Trustees of the Olginsky Orphanage of Diligence in the Village of Mozhga of the Elabuga District of the Vyatka Province. Elabuga. 1900. [In Russian]
The Charter of the Board of Trustees of the Olginsky Orphanage of Diligence in Slobodsky. Slobodsky: Tipografija Koshurnikova. 1903. [In Russian]
Photo: Shop of plumbing, shop of bathroom equipment, Russia, Slobodskaya, Sovetskaya st., 47 — Yandex.Maps. https://yandex.ee/maps/-/CCQlA-x4KC [In Russian]
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